The "Dear Colleague" letter from the U.S. Department of Education addresses the need for schools to ensure nondiscrimination based on race, color, or national origin, including shared ancestry or ethnic characteristics, under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This includes protections for students who may be perceived as Jewish, Israeli, Muslim, Arab, Sikh, South Asian, Hindu, Palestinian, or other related identities. The letter outlines schools' obligations to prevent and address discrimination and harassment, including establishing a welcoming school environment and providing support to affected students. It also emphasizes the legal frameworks used to evaluate discrimination claims and the importance of complying with First Amendment rights.